Tom Robinsons Trial And To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays -

Tom Robinson's Trial And To Kill A Mocking Bird Harper Lee's novel ?To kill a Mocking bird' revolves around Maycomb a typical rural town of the American South. The story is set in the 1930s a period when racism and prejudice are commonly encountered in everyday life. The novel follows the conviction of an apparently innocent Black man sentenced almost entirely due to his race. It is through this man's trail we see how harsh Maycomb society is on minorities. During the trial scenes we learn a lot about people's views and beliefs on other people and the strict codes by which people have to live. We learn the most about Maycomb Society through the trial. Town trials were big social events in the 1930s. The trial is described as a ?Gala occasion' and many people acted as if they were attending a ?Carnival', rather than to see a man on trial for his life. The town's reaction to what is happening tells us a lot about people's ideology and the general time frame. We learn more about the mutual hatred between African Americans and ?whites' in a legal sense. Groups like the ?Idler's club' and the Mennonites enjoyed seeing a Black man's freedom taken away from him. Tom Robinson was found guilty of raping Mayella Ewell, in the face of very strong evidence that his accusers were lying. One reason why he was convicted was because it was a white man's word against a black man's one. Tom, who is black, would be denied justice because of this. Atticus reinforces this idea when he tells Jem ?in our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins.' Generally this was the mentality of most Americans at the time. In Maycomb a white man's word was always taken without any regard as to how trustworthy he was. Another reason why he was convicted was because Tom Robinson went against the accepted position of a Negro by daring to feel sorry for a White person. All these prejudices are a result of people holding onto performed ideas of a certain set of people. It is not just racial prejudice, which is present in Maycomb but the narrow, rigid, intolerant codes of behaviour, which the townspeople wish to impose on others. These prejudice all show the inability of the people to, as Atticus puts it ?consider things from his point of view' and the lack of understanding between them. The courthouse reflects the social division seen in Maycomb. The courthouse itself is very old fashioned in the way that it is built and its laws. The segregation between Blacks and Whites is emphasised by the way the Blacks file in last and are seated in the balcony. Their kindly politeness to Jem, Dill and Scout is again shown when the children come to sit in the ?coloured balcony'. Four Blacks give up their seats for them. This also implies that White children have precedence over Black adults. We also can see that the children's admission to the balcony underlies their lack of prejudice. A prime example of prejudice within the book is shown when the Idler's club find out that Atticus will defend Tom ?properly'. They are disgraced at this. Atticus is an example of someone who is an anchor of reason within Maycomb. He is chosen to defend Tom at trial because Judge Taylor knows that Atticus would give a fair defence. Atticus would fight his hardest to win the case even though he is bound to lose, because this is what Atticus views as the meaning of true courage ? ?Simply because we are licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us to try to win'. By saying this Atticus believes that even if this is the hardest case he will use his courage to try his best, since it is morally wrong not to take the case just because there is no chance of winning. Atticus chooses to defend Tom Robinson when no other lawyer would. He was one of the few respectable people not blinded by the racial injustice Tom Robinson faced. Not only did Atticus defend Tom in the courthouse, but he defended him at jail on one occasion too. Atticus' beliefs are spoken in his speech on the code of the society. In this speech he spoke of the strict laws, old traditions and ways of thinking that are still prevalent in Maycomb. Whites were not to communicate or get involved

Predicting Fall Color and Autumn Leaf Display

Predicting Fall Color and Autumn Leaf Display University of Georgia silvics professor, Dr. Kim Coder, suggests there are ways to predict how beautiful a fall color and autumn leaf display will be. Key predictors are used along with a good mix of common sense and can forecast the quality of a viewing season with surprising accuracy. Leaf Volume The fall season should start with substantial leaf volume. The more leaves attached to trees entering the color season means more to look at. Droughty summer weather conditions can limit that volume but a wet summer can set up disease and insects. You hope for a moderately dry summer. Health Healthy leaves not only present quality viewable leaf surfaces to look at but vigorous leaves stay attached to trees longer. Pest and environmental problems can damage and disrupt leaf surfaces so much that they can actually detract from a quality viewing season. Increased pests can be a factor of both weather and temperature during the summer growing season. Temperature and Precipitation Cool night temperatures with no freezes or frosts and cool, bright, unclouded sunny days will enhance the leaf color change. Slightly dry conditions in the last half of the growing season and on into the fall have a positive effect. Here are the conditions Dr. Coder says contribute to a poor season: Fall rain fronts and long overcast periods diminish color presentation. So do strong wind storms that blow the leaves from the trees. Wet and humid growing seasons lead to many leaf infections and premature leaf abscission. Freezing temperature and hard frosts stop color formation dead. Get Organized A true leaf-peeper will keep accurate annual records of peak color days over the past decade. Peak color day dates tend to repeat themselves over time.

Access X-Stream from Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Access X-Stream from Home - Essay Example The visual technology with rich animated graphics helps the learners to understand better. Teachers and students can discuss the lectures and suggestions on forums making a virtual learning environment. Students can participate online by uploading their suggestions on a particular topic and at the same time sharing the videos and suggestions with the peers. Evaluation of the students is also conducted by E learning, which is an added feature which is beneficial for the instructors. ‘Distance learning’ is the process to commence learning from a computing interface rather than face-to-face. The reason is the distance between the learner and the educator. It is the only possible way the learner has access to education. This approach existed long before the Internet in the form of correspondence courses indoor via television. The current technology has expanded its horizons, increased speed and efficiency. It also enabled many potential learners to access the distance educat ion programs. Furthermore, ‘Flexible learning’ is the learner’s preference of learning either in a traditional face-to-face approach or via another medium, TV, CD-ROM or distance learning all with equal standing in terms of course conclusion and gratitude. Before the advent of the web, this approach was available but technology has made it possible to manage and deliver these choices more efficiently to provide a broad range of learners. This technology also facilitates to learners who do not have access to the campuses and cannot attend classes. ‘Blended learning’ is the process of learning by compound and mandated modes of deliverance. Mandated is the key element and is not optional. This means that a component of a learning application need to be commence in digital forms other than face-to-face, i.e., World Wide Web, Compact Disc , remoteness, etc. Blended learning is often related to flexible deliverance of the presentation. Moreover, ‘Onl ine learning’ is almost certainly the most often used phrase when explaining ‘Online learning’. The core concept is the learning via World Wide Web. Online learning does not have a general definition other than access to learning via the Internet. X-Stream System X stream is a virtual learning environment with a sole purpose of enhancing learning techniques. It is a virtual learning environment that can be accessed via Internet. Every user is provided with credentials to ‘login’ to the virtual learning system. In fact, there are different protocols associated to accomplish a remote session. For instance, a user wants to connect X-stream from home, various computational processes are conducted in order to establish a remote session. Moreover, Internet connectivity is the prime requirement for establishing a session. Creating a Session When a user wants to connect to X-stream virtual learning environment, user open the web browser and enters ‘www .x-stream.com’, in order to access the website. The host accepts the request that is forwarded by hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP). However, due to strict security issues, HTTPS is deployed, abbreviated as ‘Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure’. Furthermore, after the arrival of the request, website is presented for the user’s web browser. Authorization and Authentication is required for getting access to the system. This procedure normally involves credentials including ‘User ID’ and ‘Password’. When the user authenticates him or her, permission is granted to access all the resources of the virtual learning web based system. However, the authentication server matches the

Approaches Towards Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Approaches Towards Learning - Essay Example This paper declares that constructivism promotes learning through reflection upon experiences. Every person has his own way of visualizing things. The understanding of world varies from individual to individual depending upon the way he/she reflects upon his/her experiences. In education, constructivism increases the students’ capacity and tendency to learn by making them adjust their minds according to the pedagogical style of the teacher. However, constant adjustment may deprive the students of their originality. Constructivism is an experience-based approach towards learning. In classroom, students share their experiences with one another to broaden one another’s knowledge. Sometimes constructivism leads to too much storytelling that deviates from the original topic. This essay concerns problem-based learning, which is a student-driven pedagogical style whereby students understand a concept through study of complex realistic problems related to it. In problem-based learning, students work in groups to identify the extent to which they are already familiar with the subject, areas that need pondering, and resources that may be consulted to resolve the problem at hand. In education, students understand the subject more thoroughly than they do in conventional learning methods, but too much analysis of one problem leaves too many other problems unstudied because of time constraints.

Islamic Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islamic Finance - Essay Example Agency cost is referred to internal cost of a company, which arises due to conflict of interest between the management and shareholders. The shareholders expect that the management should run the company in such a manner that it increases the shareholder’s value. However, it is observed that the management concentrates on maximizing the wealth of the company and does not take into consideration the interest of the shareholders. This creates a difference between the management and stakeholders. The same problem was observed in the Islamic banks; though the PLS system aimed at increasing the wealth of the investors but it failed to fulfil the expectation of the shareholders (Dar and Presley, 2000). The main rule of PLS system is that the banks provides part of its profit, obtained from investment, to the investor instead of interest. As a result, if the banks fail to earn any profit on the investments, the investors do not get any bonus (Dar and Presley, 2000). The same situation is observed when the company is small to afford high profit and even earn a considerable amount. If a new company invests in the bank, it has the right to earn the profit but the scheme had already dried up the earnings of the financial institutions. This indicates that the company as an investor is not at all profitable and the banks have failed to implement PLS appropriately. This has created misunderstanding between the management of the banks and the investors (small companies) as the payment under this scheme cannot be taken as granted (Abduh and Omah, 2012). When the banks failed to offer higher return on the scheme such as Murabaha financing despite good performance, it is subject to elements of uncertainty. These uncertainties are vague demand for goods and services, business environment that surrounds the world. Moreover, the banks are seen to suppress the profit as the

Biotechnology: Applications and Arguments For and Against

Biotechnology: Applications and Arguments For and Against The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture is rising, but not without debate. There are many scientists who argue that genetic engineering in agriculture is the best way to solve many issues of poverty, food security, environmental harm, and the need for increasing competitiveness in sales, but others raise ethical issues regarding the health of the people who consume the genetically modified products, the possible harm to the environment, the depredation of the welfare of the farmers and their food security, and the general introduction of engineering into mainstream use in society. 1.2 Definition of Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms, commonly called GMOs, refer to organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, a method used to recombine the DNA of different organisms. 1.3 Sequence of Discussion I begin the paper with an introduction to the issues of using biotechnology and generating GMOs in agriculture. I continue with arguments both for and against the use of biotechnology in agriculture. I conclude the paper with information about the current debate on this issue and resources to obtain more information. 2.0 Prelude to the Issues The use of genetically modified organisms to enhance the production, yield, and quality of agriculture is under much discussion. Biotechnology companies are actively investigating the research and development of new technologies to improve food security and augment production of goods in both the developed and developing worlds, while activist groups work to ensure that biotechnology is not used in food production at all for fears of damage to the environment and human health, among other issues. On the other hand, according to Dr. Miguel Altieri, a leading spokesperson in the field, the view that GMOs can enhance food security in the developing world rests on two assumptions: that hunger is due to a gap between food production and human population density or growth rate and that genetic engineering is the best or only way to increase agricultural production and so meet future food needs.1 While it is clear that there are benefits to using biotechnology to improve crop production, th ere are also many fundamental and ethical arguments against its use, as is illustrated shortly. 3.0 The Argument for Biotechnology 3.1 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Poverty Reduction Several objectives of using biotechnology in agriculture are associated with the reduction of poverty. Introducing GMOs into agriculture is predicted to increase rural incomes, sustain production in resource-poor areas, and provide more nutritious foods. Supporters of the use of biotechnology in food production believe that developed nations with technology have a social and political obligation to assist these poorer nations. In India, Vietnam, and Kenya, diseased vegetable crops and trees can benefit from genetically produced bio-pesticides. The cardamom crops in India, potato crops in Vietnam, and banana crops in Kenya are often farmers sole source of income, such that diseased crops can have an extremely damaging affect on the farmers lives. Problems with a lack of clean and pure seeds and planting material can be solved by using bio-pesticides, which allow for leniency in the purity of the seeds and planting material. In this way, GMOs can potentially provide a means for high-resistance and high-yielding crops.2 Biotechnology can also contribute to sustaining the production of foods, commonly cereals and maize, in resource-poor areas. Drought, pests, and acidic soil often cause detrimental problems to farming, but insect resistance and aluminum tolerance can circumvent these environmental barriers. The ability to provide a full farming season through using GMOs to assist in the production of larger quantities of food for these farmers helps to ensure a profitable growing and harvesting season.2 Finally, GMOs can contribute to generating more nutritious foods with higher nutrient content-this technology most commonly being applied to rice. The people in countries such as India and China rely heavily on rice in their diets, but rice alone does not provide the necessary nutrients for a balanced diet. 3.2 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Financial Security for Farmers Farmers can make great use of transgenic techniques in their agriculture with the goals of both ensuring food security and increasing the competitiveness of their crops. Biotech companies and supporters of the use of GMOs believe that there exists a political obligation to assist in the security and well-being of farmers who supply goods to more developed countries. Food Security The biotechnology objectives in agriculture that are associated with issues of food security include meeting the demand predictions for staple foods, increasing livestock numbers, and increasing vegetable and fruit yields. Two major constraints that farmers encounter with regard to meeting the demand predictions for staple foods, which must be grown in large quantities, include the presence of pests and the consequential infectious diseases, and problems associated with biotic stress. Pests and disease are often a problem in rice crops in China, and the addition of genetically modified rice varieties with pesticides can assist in the prevention of diseases in these crops. In addition, GMOs are valuable for avoiding abiotic stresses, such as salinity and drought. In India, China, and Thailand, hydration and salinity tolerance in cereals, considered to be staple foods, assist in the security of high yields of these food crops to meet the demand.1 In India, biotechnology can help to avoid the major problem associated with the keeping of livestock, i.e., the probability of diseased animals, including cattle, pigs, and sheep. In addition, embryo technology can sidestep issues of productivity in dairy cattle. Both of these uses for GMOs lead to an increase in both livestock number and productivity.2 Biotechnology is also useful for securing a stable food supply by increasing vegetable and fruit production. Pests and diseases infect these crops, often completely depleting their production. Examples of crops are tomato and potato crops in Vietnam, as well as papaya crops, which can become infected with the ringspot virus.2 3.2.2 Increasing Competitiveness The use of biotechnology in agriculture can also assist farmers competitiveness on the global market, specifically by sustaining productivity exports, regulating food safety and quality control, and adding value to exports. Biotechnology is useful in sustaining exports by increasing the yield of crops, such as coconut crops in the Philippines, banana crops in countries such as India, China, and Vietnam, and potatoes, rice, maize, wheat, cassava, and beans in other developing countries.2 In addition, GMOs can contribute to food safety and quality control with respect to food exports by controlling pesticide residues and ensuring the competitive quality of exports.2 Improved quality can include characteristics such as texture, taste, appearance, and nutritional value, and the ability to delay the ripening of fruits and vegetables can greatly approve the longevity of some produce. Specific improvements for producers are an increased flexibility during production, harvesting, storage, distribution, and transport stages, leading to a reduction of overall production costs and a greater guarantee of quality product at the time of selling.3 3.3 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Environmental Protection The introduction of technology into the environment can be hazardous and brings up ethical issues associated with protecting the environment through the use of technology (also see section 4.2). However, many supporters of GMOs claim that biotechnology in agriculture can enhance protection of the environment, specifically by reducing pesticide use and enabling the efficient use of water. Pesticide misuse on cotton and rice crops in China and on vegetables in Malaysia is a common problem when farmers are misinformed of use of pesticides, or when pesticides are overused in attempt to deter crop failure due to pests. Transgenic crops can potentially reduce the need for and usage of pesticides by assisting pest extermination and preventing weed growth. GMOs such as Bacillis thuringiensis (Bt), a natural soil bacterium, can be used to kill insects by allowing the plants to produce their own toxin against pests, sidestepping the problem of farmers who are mis- and overusing pesticides. In addition, herbicide tolerant crops ideally require fewer herbicide applications, because the crop is genetically programmed to more efficiently utilize the particular chemical product.4 Finally, transgenic herbicides can be applied to pre-treat the land, so that weeds are altogether prevented, and farmers can weight the options and costs of using more chemicals versus dealing with weed gr owth during harvest.3 4.0 The Argument Against Biotechnology 4.1 Uncertainty of the Safety of Humans After Consumption Although there is a lot of anticipation and excitement about the beneficial effects that can potentially result from the use of biotechnology in agriculture, there is also a lot that is unknown about the uses of transgenics and their impending consequences. Specifically, examples of these issues include the lack of available public information and knowledge about the content and effects of GM foods, the possible inactivation of many nutrients present in naturally-grown foods, and the introduction of allergens through the use of GMOs. These are all social, ethical, and legal issues based on the morality of tampering with foods in a way that will have an unknown effect on human health. As just stated, one major issue regarding the allowance of the free use of GMOs in agriculture is associated with the unknown potential health effects of consuming chemically treated foods. Consumers assume that the foods they buy are safe, even though many contain compounds that are potentially toxic or allergenic. The general public has a large misunderstanding about genetically modified (GM) foods because companies do not boldly advertise their use of transgenic components in their products. For this reason, people often consume GM foods without even knowing it. In addition, while many biotechnology companies advertise the use of transgenics in agriculture as beneficial to human health by improving the nutritional content of food, genetic engineering also has the potential to remove or deactivate many nutritional substances present in naturally-grown foods: Recent research shows that GE [(genetically engineered)] herbicide resistant soybean have lower levels (12-14 percent) of isoflavones, [which are] key phytoestrogens . . . that occur naturally in soybeans and may protect women from severe forms of cancer.1 These genetic modifications boost the activity of a gene that makes critical amino acids, but the resulting shift in amino acid levels shifts the metabolism of the plant to alter the levels of the aforementioned phytoestrogens. This effect is clearly seen in GM soybeans, even when the chemical residue data is within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tolerance limits.4 Finally, the use of GMOs in agriculture brings to question the compromise of human safety because of wide Finally, the use of GMOs in agriculture brings to question the compromise of human safety because of wide reports of increased allergenicity after consumption of GM foods. For example, a protein was expressed in a crop used for animal feed in order to increase the content of the amino acid methionine. This protein was subsequently shown to be an allergen, as are a number of related [proteins of this type] from other species.5 Another example of the use of biotechnology introducing an allergen into a food product is the use of a Bt protein in GM maize, which also shows the general features of allergenic proteins.6 These are simply two examples of how the application of biotechnology can introduce allergens into crops. Since research is still just beginning on many GMOs, the allergenic effects of the use of biotechnology in agriculture remains unclear and under investigation. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterium or microorganism to withstand the use of an antibiotic because of its ability to synthesize a protein that neutralizes the antibiotic.7 While it is thought that the use of genetically engineered pesticides and herbicides on crops might only have the effect of reducing pests and weeds, it can actually have an opposing effect as well. The generation of superbugs and superweeds, pests and weeds resistant to the GM pesticides and herbicides, respectively, can result. Not only can the crops that are sprayed acquire these characteristics, but hybrid crops can arise when crops cross. This can cause resistance in crops that were not previously sprayed with GMOs, and can also cause multi-tolerant crops when two crops that are sprayed with different chemicals cross. The result of this second cross is a crop that is resistant to multiple herbicides (i.e., superweeds) or pesticides (i.e., superbugs), which are even more difficult to control. In addition, this resistance can give these weeds and bugs a selective advantage over the naturally-tolerant weeds and bugs, allowing them to propagate efficiently.5 5.0 Conclusions While there are many points both in favor and against the use of GMOs in agriculture, some people believe that the question simply comes down to whether or not it is ethical to engineer in agriculture, which has always been managed by farmers themselves in conjunction with local biological cycles and ecological balances. Activists against the use of technology worry about future generations, and how the use of biotechnology in agriculture now will affect food production in years to come. They raise concerns that regulations are too loose and poorly enforced, and the eventual effects of the use of GMOs remain unknown. In addition, important issues revolve around whether or not it is ethical for well-fed people of developed nations to regulate access to agricultural technology in developing nations. According to Dr. Altieri, because the true root cause of hunger is inequality, any method of boosting food production that deepens inequality will fail to reduce hunger. Conversely, only te chnologies that have positive effects on the distribution of wealth, income, and assets, that are pro-poor, can truly reduce hunger.1 Therefore, questions regarding the use of biotechnology in agriculture should better address the needs of poorer nations. Many people are still under-informed about potential benefits and negative effects of using GMOs in agriculture, and are therefore not ready to form an opinion on the issue. For this reason, there are many forums on the internet and published books to help interested people learn more. In addition, several documentaries present these issues, an example being The Future of Food, a documentary by Deborah Koons.9 The issues regarding the use of biotechnology in agriculture are important and affect everyone, and should not be overlooked. People in favor of the use of biotechnology in agriculture argue that it is unethical not to help poorer nations when more developed nations have the technology to do so. On the other hand, activists against the use of GMOs in agriculture maintain that more harm than good comes from the introduction of GMs into food production. How does Culture Affect Parenting Styles? How does Culture Affect Parenting Styles? A family is a set of intimate social relationships that adults create to share resources so as to ensure the welfare of themselves and their dependents (Robert and Lie 77); a family is also a unit that gradually molds a persons personality. How you behave and what you become in life are very much dependent on your family life (Importance). To this extent, families play crucial role for people in their lifetime, let alone for children whose social interaction begins at first between family members. Researchers have demonstrated time and time again that the environment in which children are raised significantly affects their intellectual, physical, social, and emotional development (Important). They further emphasize that those impacts on their childhood will probably be carried on even after they grow up and experience a lot of changes. For decades, researchers have also been interested in how parents influence their childrens development, and one approach in this area is the study of what has been termed as parenting style (Darling and Steinberg 493). This paper is a review of research studies on parenting styles within the ethnical (cultural) contexts. The idea of examining this field of study is partially derived from Chapter 2 (Culture), Chapter 7 (Race and Ethnicity) and Chapter 9 (Family) in the book named Sociology: The Points of the Compass, written by Robert Brym and John Lie. The whole paper is divided into several sections. First, it starts with the illustration of ethnical (cultural) aspects that differentiate families. It is then followed by the classification of parenting. The paper then focus on the influence of culture on parenting styles and finally provides a conclusion as a whole. Families Are Different Family define themselves as a family. Membership in a family can be decided only by each member of that family (Couchenour and Chrisman 22). Families differ from one another in many ways; ethnicity and culture are two crucial differences greatly impact on a familys beliefs, practices, and values (McGoldrick, Giordano and Garcia-Preto 1). Ethnicity Ethnicity is a shared concept and culture heritage by groups of people whose commonality are transmitted from their ancestors generation by generation (Couchenour and Chrisman 22). The identity of these ethnic groups is uniquely marked based on the combination of race, religion, traditions, and ancestors (Robert and Lie 302). They differ from others in terms of languages, foods, stories, customs, values, and other aspects. Families carry on their ethnicities through their own family traditions, celebrations, religions, stories, and entertainments (McGoldrick, Giordano and Garcia-Preto 14). The importance of ethnicity on each family varies (Couchenour and Chrisman 23). Culture Culture is the unique experiences of ethnic groups using languages, symbols, beliefs, values, ideologies, and material objects to deal with real-life problems (Robert and Lie 40). It acts to shape familys values, thoughts, reactions and socialization goals (Bigner 8). Therefore, the styles of communication between parents and children can be quite different among various cultures, which means what is considered to be an acceptable way of interaction in one culture could be very offensive in another cultural context. When parents are exposed to a dominant given culture with high frequency, they are affected by the norms and values of that culture (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Consequently, those culturally affected norms and values could easily serve as the guidelines for parents to interact with their children. In this sense, understanding the cultural context of the society can potentially help to predict differences parenting styles that predominate in that society and to understan d why these differences occur (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Trawick-Smith states, Only through a full understanding of parental beliefs, socialization practices, and family relationships, can the individual needs of individual children be well met (qtd. in Couchenour and Chrisman 25). The Classification of Parenting Styles The principal role of parenting involves the promotion of nurturing, balanced relationships or, contrastingly, the exacerbation of stress-prone, hostile exchanges between parents and children (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Darling and Steinberg emphasize that parenting style is a constellation of attitudes towards the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional climate in which the parents behaviors are expressed (493). Baumrind has investigated parenting styles in a series of studies and found three primary categories of parenting styles identified as authoritative, authoritarian and permissive (Reeves), which later on are conceptually expanded by with two linear constructs: responsiveness and demandingness (qtd. in Sonnek 8). Authoritative Parenting Referring to those studies conducted by Baumrind, authoritative parents are conscientious, consistent, warm secure in their ability to parent and unconditionally committed to their children (Reeves). On one hand, they state behavioral expectations to children; on the other hand, they respect their childrens opinions and independence; while setting high but realistic goals for their children, they also provide the necessary supports for them to achieve these goals. The authoritative parenting was found most effective in fostering social responsibility, sense of self-esteem, confidence and adaptability in their children to meet challenges of academic and other contexts where strong beliefs in ones abilities are required (Couchenour and Chrisman 94). Some researchers have examined the relationship between parenting style and childrens adjustment, and confirmed that authoritative parenting style is positively associated with healthy adjustment and reducing maladjustment than other styles of parenting (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parents provide firm and high control over their children and require them to be very responsive to their demands; they are very punitive and affectively cold; they set firm goals to their children but allow little verbal exchange; compared with two other parenting styles, authoritarian parents are less likely to use gentle methods of persuasion (Reeves). To this extent, children have poor communication skills, and social incompetence; they are easily to become anxious while being compared with others. Studies on the relationship between parenting style and childrens adjustment have found that children of authoritarian parents tend to have low self-esteem and lack spontaneity (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Permissive Parenting Characteristics of permissive parents are identified as warm, high nurturance, responsive but low in parental control and demand few maturity behaviors (Reeves). Permissive parents would like to allow their children to control their activities as their willingness. They expect little of children, and place few demands on them. This parenting style tends to be unsuccessful in enabling children to develop a range of self-directing abilities that underlie academic success (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Researches later on split the permissive parenting style into a fourth category- indulgent and neglecting parenting, which most fits with its definition (qtd. in Sonnek 8). Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles In the nineteenth century, parenting experiences varied considerably by gender, age, social class, and culture, just as they do today (Baker 94). Individuals may consider parenthood as fulfilling a moral obligation (Bigner 9). Vygotsky indicates that human knowledge is rooted in culture (qtd. in Couchenour and Chrisman 8), which means what much of what children know derives from their families, such as, how to celebrate holidays; how to prepare, cook and eat foods; and how to behave properly in the public places. On many occasions, childrens behaviors of are mostly based on their parents expectations and demands. The values and ideals of a culture are transmitted to the next generation through child-rearing practices (Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Therefore, children in different cultural contexts can be cultivated by their parents to behave differently; in this sense, it is necessary to take into consideration the importance of culture when evaluating parenting behaviors. Cultural models of individualism and collectivism can bring direct as well as indirect impacts on parenting behaviors (Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Its direct influence on parenting behavior could be explained by passing on values of a culture to their children to become productive and integrated members of their culture (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68); its indirect influences on parenting behavior are via more societal forces such as language patterns and customs, and economic structure indirectly (Health Canada 8). To this extent, parents can relate their parenting with those direct and indirect cultural effects. Individualism and collectivism refers to the manner in which people perceive themselves in relation to other members in the society (Brislin 23). Literally, individualism indicates independence. It includes the wide-spread and growing belief that people have the right to choose their own martial partners, to be happy in marriage, and to find new partners if their relationships turn out to be unsatisfactory (Baker 24). In contrast, collectivism implies interdependence. It includes the mutual emotions and beliefs shared by people as a result of living together (Robert and Lie 371). Robert and Lie further explain that collective actions include routine actions and non-routine ones, which take place when people act simultaneously in accordance with or opposition to external changes, such as social, political, economic, etc; their difference is that the former ones are typically nonviolent and follow established patterns of behavior in existing social structures, whereas the latter ones o ccur when usual conventions cease to guide social action and people transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional pat ­terns and structures (371). In this sense, different family relationships, family interactions, self-concept, and academic achievement can be assumed via collectivism and individualism (Newman 51). Therefore, the arrangement of childrens activities differs from parents to parents with differing childrearing goals and cultural meaning systems (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Collectivism can be fully reflected by most Asian countries. Parents emphasize desirable traits such as interdependence, duty, sacrifice, compromise, conformity, highly involvement in one anothers lives, however, it does not mean a complete ignorance of individuals well-being or interest; it actually means that maintaining the familys well-being is ultimately the best guarantee for the individuals well-being (Newman 51). To this extent, authoritarian parenting may be more appropriate in those collectivistic societies compared with other parenting styles (Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). High levels of economic hardship have been greatly linked with authoritarian parenting and even neglecting parenting -a split of permissive parenting (qtd. in Sonnek 16). In sharp contrast, cultures like Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia tend to value individual freedom, autonomy, personal development, and gratification over group obligation and duty (Newman 52); Newman emphasizes that childhood is sometimes regarded as the preparation for leaving home as the sign of independence, even those people who experience unwillingness and sadness at the thought of breaking these ties accept that it is a necessary step towards growing up (52). Therefore, it could be concluded that it is much more appropriate to examine parenting styles and their meanings in the cultural context (Bigner 9). In the conceptualization, culture is theorized to afford different meaning to behaviors (e.g., parenting) and has different effects on children and adolescents across different cultures (Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). For instance, in China, where I was born and brought up, proper and mild physical punishments are sometimes used by parents for controlling their children; they are considered as part of the authoritarian parenting; however, this parenting style is greatly opposed by many other cultures, and regarded unacceptable. Researchers mention that children will accept parenting behaviors which are consistent with cultural values (qtd.Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). For example, Chinese kids (including me when I was young) view spanking, which could be one of the physical punishment, as their parents concerns and affections on them in the Chinese culture. Conclusion Chapter 9 of Sociology: The Points of the Compass concludes that Parenting styles and behaviors perform a crucial role in the growth of children. Ethnicity, described in Chapter 7, is a socially constructed label which has profound consequences for peoples lives, and differentiates people by perceived physical or cultural differences (Robert and Lie 198); these cultural or ethnical differences can lead to different parental forms and behaviors in different social context; in other words, the ways that family members interact with each other are affected by the culture of the society, therefore, just as what has been examined in Chapter 2, what counts as good for raising children in one culture can be regarded as negative in another culture; to this extent, cultural and ethnical factors should be counted in order to better understand and examine parenting styles in different societies. Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome: Symptoms and Causes Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome: Symptoms and Causes Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome Introduction Cri-du-chat is an autosomal syndrome that is caused by a large or small deletion from a portion of the short arm of chromosome. This syndrome is also known as the 5p deletion syndrome where the P describes the short hand chromosome and Lejeunes syndrome. It is also called cat cry syndrome which is a French translation of Cri-du-chat, because of its similarity to the high pitched cat cry like sound a new born child makes. This sound is supposed to disappear a few weeks after birth and may or may not persists in to adulthood. In 1958 Dr. Jerome Lejeune discovered down syndrome. He discovered that the chromosomal link to down syndrome. This discovery was ground breaking for discoveries in genetics because it was the first time that an intellectual disability and a chromosomal defect were linked together and this earned him multiple prestigious awards. Up on continuing his research on chromosomal liked disorders, he also discovered that down syndrome was caused by an extra chromosome on pare 21 and he also noticed a deletion on the 5th chromosome which is the cause for Cri-du-chat syndrome. (1) Symptoms and OMIM Number Cri- du- chat The relationship of chromosomal alteration and genetic disease was observed that the main clinical feature was the high pitched cry and hindered mental capacity (Mainardi, 2006). The OMIM number for this syndrome is # 123450. The number sign is used to indicate that it is a well described partial aneusomy. Syndrome causes many phenotypical changes which depend on the size of the deletion. Some or all of the symptoms might be present in a patient. It has also been found that the deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT; 187270) well as evidence that deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT; 187270) is present which is also responsible for some of the phenotypical changes. (2) Besides the high pitched cry, Cri-du-chat is characterized by failure to thrive, broad nasal bridge, round moon shaped face with hypertelorism, Anisocoria, undersized jaw and heads , depleted motor senses hypertonia, small carpals, low birth weight and incomplete intestinal r otation in infants. There are some less distinctive symptoms such as separation of rectus and abdomen, cardiac abnormalities including atrial and ventricular septum defects, primary immunodeficiency, an epicanthal fold which covers the inner corned of the eye and inguinal hernia. (Chromosome 5, 2017).) Once the infant is born there is a low mortality rate until adulthood where most of the symptoms observed as a child continue on with addition of misalignment of teeth, skeletal problems, eye defects and in some cases neurological malformation, Syndactyly, undescended testis in male patients, and skin tags on the ear occur. (Mainardi, 2006,) Clinical causes of symptoms The syndrome is caused by a deletion of the short arm, which is also denoted by P, of chromosome 5. Chromosome 5 contains more than 900 genes that code for specific proteins such as interleukins, protocadherins and complement proteins. The function of these proteins range from regulation of immune system, nervous system controls and muscle formation and strength. The deletion of Some Sections of chromosome 5 such as 5p15.3, specifically at markers D5S731 and D5S760, are directly associated with the cat like cry and speech delay. Another region called 5p15.2, specifically CTNND2, is related to lower intellectual ability, and dysmorphism of head size and facial features. The severity of mental and motor capacities can depend up on the size of the chromosomal deletion (Chromosome 5, 2017). Although the affected family members apparently shared deletions of the same size, the variation in mental symptoms within this family suggested that other factors besides the size and location of 5p deletions may modify the mental presentation of patients with cri-du-chat syndromeThey suggested that a cranial developmental field, originating from the notochordal location, is involved in the manifestations of criduchat syndromehowever, the characteristic cat-like cry without the typical dysmorphic and severe developmental features of the syndrome has been found in individuals with a deletion confined to 5p15.3The cranial base angle was in most cases reduced and in no cases increased compared to age-related standards for normal individuals. Malformations in the bony contours of the sella turcica and the clivus occurred in cri-du-chat patients with terminal deletions. Frequency The frequency of the disease is 1:15000 to 1: 50000 of new born infants. Cri-du-chat makes up 1% of profoundly retarded patients who have IQ levels that are less than 30. Since it is a genetic deletion it doesnt have a preference as far as race nut it has a slight female dominance ratio of 4:3. This syndrome doesnt have a latency, the symptoms are present starting from birth and continue to show the symptoms in to adulthood. In most cases it has been seen that the symptoms become more severe in to adulthood. (Harvard et al., 2005, pp. 341-51). Inheritance pattern Cru de chat is not an inherited syndrome. It is a random deletion that occurs during meiosis and can occur without the parents being affected. However close to 10% of the affected individuals can inherit a chromosomal abnormality from unaffected parents. This abnormality is caused by chromosomal rearrangement called Balanced Translocation where the genetic material is still intact and doesnt cause any health problems. However when this trait is passed down from one or two parents it has a high chance of becoming and Unbalanced Translocation which can cause a genetic material to be added or deleted. In the case of cri du chat the short arm of chromosome 5 experiences a large or a small portion deletion which causes the syndrome. In some cases the catlike cry can be present without the physical abnormalities. This is more evident in the deletion at a specific location in the chromosome 5p15.3. Malformation in the cranial base was reduced and compared to a standard individual it doesnt show a major difference. However malformations in the contours the skull such as in Sella Turcica occur in patients that have terminal deletions. In one of the studies conducted with in the same family showed different symptoms and levels of mental retardation even though they shared the same size deletion. This suggests that not only the size but the location of deletion affects the severity of the syndrome (2) References Cerruti Mainardi, P. (2006). Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1, 33.  http://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-1-33 Chromosome 5. (2017, January 24). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from U.S National Library of  Medicine. U.S department of health human services website: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/5 Chromosome 5. (2017, January 24). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from U.S National Library of  Medicine. U.S department of health human services website: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cri-du-chat-syndrome#genes Harvard, C., Malenfant, P., Koochek, M., Creighton, S., Mickelson, E., Holden, J. Rajcan-Separovic, E.  (2005). A variant Cri du Chat phenotype and autism spectrum disorder in a subject with de novo cryptic microdeletions involving 5p15.2 and 3p24.3-25 detected using whole genomic array CGH. Clinical Genetics, 67(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1399-0004.2005.00406.x https://lejeuneusa.org/genetic-intellectual-disabilities/cri-du-chat-syndrome#.WJpP-n_Rs8c (1) http://www.omim.org/entry/123450?search=cri%20du%20chathighlight=du%20cri%20chat (2)

Nursing and Biomedical Research :: Health Care, Nurses

With unparalleled technological advancement, nursing and bio-medical research, and the present healthcare environment, nurses must be cognisant of their professional and personal views of ethics. Ethics are standards of behaviour, developed as a result of ones concept of right and wrong (Judson & Harrison, 2010), and are intended to influence the actions of healthcare professionals. Ethical principles help guide the decision-making process among healthcare workers in complicated situations. [Therefore] we cannot understand nursing unless we also understand ethics (Gallagher & Wainwright, 2005) There are many different ethical theories which can mainly be divided into three groups. These are Duty based, Goal based and Rights based theories. Deontology is a duty based ethical theory. This means that a moral person must always do their duty and must perform them â€Å"without exception, whatever the consequences† (Seedhouse, 2001). However, this theory has limitations and objections because it does not allow for conflict between duties, flexibility or compromises and these are all essential for health work. (Seedhouse, 2001) Goal based theories such as Utilitarianism, believe that what is morally right is determined by the good that is produced as the consequence of the action. The acts that achieved this were defined as â€Å"good† and those that produce â€Å"pain† were bad. (Rumbold, 2000) An objection with Utilitarianism is that because it is only concerned with the consequences, then even if an action was taken that was intentionally bad, it would still be ethically right if the eventual consequences were favourable. (Seedhouse, 2001) Dunbar (2003) states that there are four main ethical principles, these are beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. The principle of beneficence is to do good for patients and to put their needs before your own (Rumbold, 1999 p217) and with beneficence comes the principle of non-maleficence meaning to do no harm. Rumbold (1999, p222) describes how in many nursing duties nurses have to â€Å"do harm† to our patients but only when it is alongside beneficence and the long-term goal is to do good by the patient. In not giving a patient assistance to eat their meals we are acting in a manner that these principles don’t support as there is no good that could arise from this. Beneficence is considered to be the caring ethic, as it guides us to work in the best interests of the patient but at the same time for the benefit of other patients, considering their rights to justice and fairness with their care (Kennedy, 2004).

Economy in the century

This would eventually spur conflict, but it also proved well for the English. New power was thrust upon the country, and the English were in need of funds, quickly. Luckily, during the dawn of the English empire, a new land (with new economic opportunities) needed colonization. The new world was an expected source of income for citizens of the UK and the Crown itself. From 1550 to 1600, the population of England exploded.This â€Å"surplus population† led to a severe economic depression, partly because of farmers enclosing' croplands for sheep grazing, which forced many small farmers off of their properties. The depression hit the woolen industry, and thousands of farmers took to the streets and ended up unemployed and penniless. Immigration allowed for a new start, so the potential colonists thought. The practice of primogeniture also contributed to the homeless problem. This allowed for the eldest sons to inherit the entire estate, and it left other sons and daughters withou t land or money.The idea of new economic flow and land enticed many of these people, as well as a thirst for adventure and religious freedom. The country of England itself was enamored with the idea of the introduction of new crops that they were unable to grow in their own farms. Many small investors also appeared, hoping to liquidate their companies quickly and make profit. However, this didn't always work. In addition, England expected to benefit in being a â€Å"parent nation† for a new settlement. Eventually, the institution of slavery would also prove profitable.England expected a trade hub to come from these new colonies, and this proved true. A charter was settled, namely the charter of the Virginia Company, and Immigration began. This was a smart choice for King James – a charter was a very low cost for what appeared to only prove beneficial. These new settlements were going to be a source of economic gain. This would eventually prove false (at least, In the b eginning) however, In the moment It was very plausible. When the settlers arrived, many didn't find the lands that they had expected to.Many died, many became Ill, and there was many attacks from local Native American tribes. Most settlers already had passed away from new diseases and malnutrition, especially because the new colonists searched for gold Instead of food. There was a war against the Phaeton tribe, and It left 347 settlers dead, Including the famed John Role. These wars continued and died and eventually, the Photostats fell to disease, disorientation, and disposable. After separate states evolved, trades began. The Columbian exchange proved to be a major part of both the Crown's and America's economy.Tobacco, rice, and many other crops flourished and were quickly absorbed by England, and this created a sizeable profit for the country. Therefore, both the Crown and the settlers had expected that America was going to be a profitable endeavor, and to a certain extent, It w as. All the settlers were eventually comfortable with the same rights as Englishmen, and the Crown had profited In trade and a healthy decrease from a surplus population. I believe a strong case can be made for the economic ebb and flow of England and the America and hat the new country was an expected source of Income for both colleens and the Crown.PUSH – Economy in the 15th century By Koala-Ann Verona and the Crown itself. From 1 550 to 1600, the population of England exploded. This â€Å"enclosing† croplands for sheep grazing, which forced many small farmers off of their the charter of the Virginia Company, and immigration began. This was a smart choice would eventually prove false (at least, in the beginning) however, in the moment it had expected to. Many died, many became ill, and there was many attacks from local ND malnutrition, especially because the new colonists searched for gold instead of food.There was a war against the Phaeton tribe, and it left 347 set tlers dead, including the famed John Role. These wars continued and died and eventually, the Photostats fell to disease, disorientation, and disability. After separate states going to be a profitable endeavor, and to a certain extent, it was. All the settlers were profited in trade and a healthy decrease from a surplus population. I believe a strong that the new country was an expected source of income for both citizens and the

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES OR A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY INTRODUCTION essays

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES OR A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY INTRODUCTION essays A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY Historically, there have been arguments about what Affirmative Action (AA) really is. The basis of the argument for the most part, debates the goal(s) of AA. Is the goal of AA to erase past inequities for the disabled, minorities and/or women without protest? Or is Affirmative Action a culture or spirit that rewards diversity and differences? Basically there are two definitions or schools of thought for AA. The first school of thought is that AA is an umbrella term for laws and policies that the United States Executive, Judicial, and legislative bodies have mandated. Specifically, AA is a series of social policies and statutes that regulate activities and laws with the primary intent to achieve equity and increase opportunity for all. The second school of though is that AA is an umbrella term defining a broader set of activities whereby public and private institutions voluntarily incorporate practices and polices to increase diversity, opportunity and equity. Under this school of thought, AA is in spirit and an institutional policy. The intent of this paper is to address the serious and profound arguments of both schools of thought. In addition, this paper will address issues relative to determining whether or not AA is necessary instrument for the demise of discrimination and the formation of justice and whether or not AA needs to be maintained, modified or terminated. A. A Brief History of AA in the United States of American Contrary to popular belief, the concept of AA actually began prior to the executive order signed by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The concept of AA began upon the signing of Amendment XIII of the Constitution. 1. The Late 19the and Early 20th Century America began to deal with the inequities and lack of justice for mean of African decent in the 1800s. In my opinion, the initial an...

A Glossary of Weather Words for German Learners

A Glossary of Weather Words for German Learners Whether you plan to travel to Germany or simply want to better understand the language, learning the German words for weather conditions can be helpful. Discussing the weather is a way to make small talk with strangers. Learning German weather words can also help planning your travels easier. Youll know to avoid rainy days and other bad weather conditions.   This English-German glossary of weather terms can get you started. Once youve reviewed the terms, consider making flashcards featuring the words (and their English counterparts) to better retain them.   A air  e Luft air pressure  r LuftdruckNote:  In Europe and most of the world outside the U.S., barometric pressure is measured in hectopascals (hPa), formerly millibars, not in inches of mercury. In the International System (SI) of measurements, the unit of pressure is the Pascal, named after Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), the French scientist and philosopher who made important discoveries about air pressure. Normal air pressure at  sea level  (MSL, NN) is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inches of mercury. To convert between inches of mercury and hectopascals/millibars, one millibar (hPa) is equal to 0.02953 inches of mercury. aloft  hoch droben anemometer  r Windmesser atmosphere  e Atmosphre aurora borealis  s Nordlicht, (nà ¶rdliches)  Polarlicht autumn, fall  r Herbst B balmy  sanft,  lindbalmy breezes  sanfte Brisen,  linde Là ¼fte barometer  r Barometer barometric pressure  r Luftdruck black ice  s Glatteis breeze  e Brise  (-n) breezy  windig,  luftig bright  heiter C ceiling  e Wolkenhà ¶he Celsius   changeable, variable  vernderlich,  wechselhaft chilly  kà ¼hl,  frostigI feel chilly.  Mir ist kà ¼hl. chinook wind  r Fà ¶hn  (-e) der Fà ¶hn:  This warm, dry, alpine wind issimilar to a chinook wind. The wordFà ¶hn  can also refer to an electricblow-dryer for hair.More wind: See  tradewind/r Passatand  sirocco/r Scirocco. clear  heiter,  klar,  wolkenlos climatology  e Klimatologie cloud  e Wolke  (-n)cumulus cloud  e Kumuluswolke cloudburst  r Platzregen  (-)sudden downpour  r Platzregen cloudy  bewà ¶lkt,  wolkig cold  adj.  kaltvery cold  sehr kaltcold, coldness  n.  e Klte cool(er)  kà ¼hl  (-er)somewhat cooler  etwas kà ¼hler cumulonimbus (cloud)  r Kumulonimbus cumulus (cloud)  r Kumulus cyclone  r Zyklon  (-en) D damp  feucht  (-n) degree  r Grad10 degrees Celsius  10 Grad Celsius  (50F) dew point  r Taupunkt  (-e) downpour  r Platzregen  (-)cloudburst  r Platzregen drizzle  n.  r Nieselregen,  r Sprà ¼hregendrizzle  v.  nieseln  (-se) drizzly  Niesel-drizzly weather  s Nieselwetter drought  e Dà ¼rre,  e Dà ¼rrekatastrophe  (-n) dry  adj.  trocken dryness  e Trockenheit dry spell  e Trockenperiode dull, gloomy  dà ¼ster,  trà ¼b dust  r Staub dust devil  kleiner Wirbelsturm  (-stà ¼rme) dusty  staubig E east  r Ost(en)in the east  im Osten easterly  adj.  Ost-,  Ãƒ ¶stlichan easterly wind  ein Ostwind easterly  n.  r Ostwindeasterlies  die Ostwinde eye  n.  s Auge  (-n)eye of the hurricane  s Auge des Orkans F Fahrenheit   fair  adj.  heiter,  schà ¶n fall, autumn  r Herbst flood  n.  e Flut,  s Hochwasser,  e ÃÅ"berschwemmungflood  v.  Ãƒ ¼berschwemmen flooding  e ÃÅ"berschwemmung fog  r Nebel foggy  neblig,  nebelig forecast  n.  e Voraussage  (-n),  e Vorhersage  (-n),  e Prognose  (-n)a short-range forecast  eine Kurzfristvorhersage forecast  v.  voraussagen,  vorhersagen forecaster  r Meteorloge  (-n),  e Meteorlogin  (-nen) freeze  v.  frieren freezing  unter null freezing point  r Gefrierpunkt freezing rain  r gefrorene Regen,  r Graupel  (sleet) fresh  frisch front  r Frontcold front  e Kaltfront frost (hoarfrost), rime  r Reif,  r Raureif,  r Frost frosty  frostigcovered with frost  von Raureif bedeckt G gale  r Sturm  (wind)gale force winds  orkanartige Windegale warnings  e Sturmwarnung gloomy, dull  dà ¼ster,  trà ¼b gradual(ly)  allmhlich greenhouse effect  r Treibhausekkekt gust, squall  e Bà ¶e  (-n)gusts up to 40 mph  Bà ¶en bis zu 60 h/km  (Stundenkilometer) H hail  n.  r Hagel,  r Graupel  (soft hail)hail  v.  hageln,  graupelnIts hailing.  Es hagelt.hail damage  r Hagelschadenhailstone  r Hagelkorn  (-kà ¶rner)hailstorm  r Hagelsturm  (-stà ¼rme) halo (around moon/sun)  r Halo,  r Hof haze  n.  r Dunsthazy  dunstig hectopascal (hPa)  s Hektopascal  (-)Unit of measure for barometric pressure. See note under  air pressure  above and the Wetterlexikon. high (pressure)  s Hoch,  r Hochdruckbarometric pressure over 1015 hPa  Luftdruck von mehr als 1015 hPa high (temperature)  e Hà ¶chsttemperatur  (-en)daytime highs  die Tagestemperaturen hot  heiß humid  feucht,  schwà ¼l  (muggy) humidity  e Luftfeuchte,  e Luftfeuchtigkeit hurricane  r Hurrikan  (-e),  r Orkan  (-e) I ice  n.  s Eisblack ice  s Glatteis ice-cold  adj.  eiskalt icy  adj.  eisig,  frostig inversion  e Inversion,  e Temperaturumkehr isobar  e Isobare J jet stream  der Jetstream K kilobar (kb)   s Kilobar  (metric unit of pressure) knot   r Knoten  (wind speed) L lingering  adj.  Ã‚  zurà ¼ckbleibend lightning   r Blitz  Ã‚   Theres lightning.  Es blitzt. low (pressure)   s Tief,  r Tiefdruck  Ã‚   barometric pressure under 1015 hPa  Luftdruck von weniger als 1015 hPa low-temperature  e Tiefsttemperatur  (-en) M mercury   s Quecksilber meteorologist   r Meteorloge,  e Meteorlogin meteorology   e Meteorlogie,  e Wetterkunde mild   mild,  leicht,  sanft millibar   s Millibar milliliter   r Milliliter millimeter   r Millimetter  (precipitation)  Ã‚   Berlin: Niederschlagsmengen - die Jahressumme betrgt 590 mm. (Berlin: Precipitation - the annual total amounts to 590 mm.) In Hamburg fallen im Jahresdurchschnitt 715 mm Niederschlag. (About 715 mm of average annual precipitation falls in Hamburg.) - 100 mm 3.97 in. monsoon   r Monsun  Ã‚   monsoon rains   r Monsunregen moon   r Mond N nice   schà ¶n north   r Nord(en)  Ã‚   in the north   im Norden  Ã‚   northerly   Nord-,  nà ¶rdlich  Ã‚   northerly wind   r Nordwind O occasional (showers, etc.)   gelegentlich,  ab und zu oppressive (heat)   drà ¼ckend,  schwà ¼l ozone   s Ozon  Ã‚   ozone layer   e Ozonschicht P parched (land)   verdorrt,  ausgetrocknet partly cloudy   teilweise bewà ¶lkt,  wolkig patchy fog   stellenweise Nebel permafrost   r Dauerfrostboden pour  v.  Ã‚  giessen,  schà ¼tten  Ã‚   downpour   r Platzregen  (-)  Ã‚   Its pouring down rain.  Es regnet in Strà ¶men. precipitation   r Niederschlag  Ã‚   20 inches of precipitation a year   508 mm Niederschlag pro Jahr probability   e Wahrscheinlichkeit  (-en)  Ã‚   probability of rain  e Niederschlagswahrscheinlichkeit prognosis, forecast   e Voraussage  (-n),  e Vorhersage  (-n),  e Prognose  (-n) R radar   s Radar radar image   s Radarbild radiation   e Strahlung radiant energy   e Strahlungsenergie rain  n.  Ã‚  r Regenrain  v.  Ã‚  regnen  Ã‚   Its raining cats and dogs.  Es regnet in Strà ¶men. rainbow   r Regenbogen raindrop   r Regentropfen rainfall   r Niederschlag rain gauge   r Regenmesser  (measured in millimeters) rainy   regnerisch rainy season   e Regenzeit S satellite view   s Satellitenbild  (-er) scorching  adj.  Ã‚  sehr heiß sea level  s Normalnull  (NN),  r Meeresspiegel  Ã‚   above sea level  Ãƒ ¼ber dem Meeresspiegel,  Ãƒ ¼ber NN severe (winds, storms)   rau,  schwer,  stark sheet lightning   s Wetterleuchten  Ã‚   lightning  r Blitz shine   scheinen shower   r Schauer  (-) showery   regnerisch sirocco   r Scirocco/r Schirokko  (a warm, gusty Mediterranean wind) sky   r Himmel sleet  r Graupel smog   r Smog snow   r Schnee snowfall   r Schneefall snowflake   e Scgneeflocke  (-n) snowy   verschneit sprinkle   nieseln squall, gust   Ã‚  e Bà ¶e  (-n),  r Schwall sticky (humid)   schwà ¼l storm   s Unwetterstorm   r Sturm  (high winds) stormy   stà ¼rmisch sun   e Sonne sunny   sonnig sunshine   r Sonnenschein T terrible  adj.  Ã‚  furchtbar  Ã‚   terrible weather   furchtbares Wetter thunder  n.  Ã‚  r Donner thunderstorm   s Gewitter tide(s)   e Gezeiten  pl. tornado   r Wirbelsturm,  r Tornado trade wind   r Passat travel weather, travel forecast   s Reisewetter trough (low pressure)   r Trog,  pl.  Trà ¶ge typhoon   r Taifun U UV index   r UV-Index V variable (winds light and variable)   wechselhaft visibility   e Sichtweite W warm   warm weather   s Wetter,  e Wetterlageweather balloon   r Wetterballon  (-e)weather forecast/report   r Wetterbericht  (-e)weather map   e Wetterkarte  (-n)weather vane   e Wetterfahne  (-n),  r Wetterhahn wet   nass wind   r Wind windchill temperature   e Windchill-Temperatur wind current   e Luftstrà ¶mung  (-en) windy   windig

Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso - Term Paper Example The essay "Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso" discovers the Salvador Dali's and Pablo Picasso's art. Both Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso are well-known Spanish painters. They have not only accomplished a number of masterpieces that gained worldwide acceptance but they also received considerable criticisms that make them more famous. Dali, whose works usually deal with surrealism, is noted for absurdity. In his painting, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans, Dali presents an image of a monster tearing itself apart. This oil painting is usually referred to as a premonition of the Spanish Civil War because Dali made it six months before the war broke out. The painting, considered to be a surrealist painting, measures 100 cm x 99cm., and is currently housed in Philadelphia Art Museum of Art. Dali is famous for surrealism in his works. Convincingly the surreal nature of Dali’s images has led him to fame, but according to Saladyga, his â€Å"eccentric manner and attention-grabbing pu blic actions sometimes drew more attention than his artwork† (15). Specifically, Dali’s Soft Construction with Boiled Beans has gained him both positive and negative commentaries. Nevertheless, the subject, style, and symbols that he used make the painting a real masterpiece as it evokes the cultural and historical experience of the Spanish. Pablo Picasso is likewise a world-renowned Spanish painter and is even more famous and respected than Dali in the visual art scene. He is well-known for cubism, a style he himself made popular. With his craftsmanship and hard work, Picasso can be considered the most prolific artist not only of his time but even of all times. Throughout his lifetime, he produced a total of 6,000 paintings, 165 of which he painted in 1969 alone, when he was 88 years old (Whitman 53). He started painting at two years old and produced sketches, sculptures, lithography, and even plays before he died at 92 (Whitman 53). Guernica is one of his masterpieces . This oil painting, which measures 11  feet tall and 25.6 feet wide, was painted in 1937, two days after the bombing of Guernica. To date, it reminds the Spanish of the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by some German bombers who were allegedly supporters of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War. At present, the painting is housed in Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid but a number of replications including the one in the United Nations have been on display worldwide. Both paintings mentioned reflect the painters’ view of the Spanish Civil War. According to Beevor (19), the war started on July 17, 1936 and lasted until April 1, 1939. It began after the proclamation of opposition by some Spanish generals led by Jose Sanjurjo against the leadership of the then President Manuel Azana. The group of generals were supported by a number of groups, including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, Carlists, and Fascist Falange, which were strong political parties at th e time. Hence, the move resulted in political and military warfare. Later, the government obtained support from Germany, Italy and Portugal, thus heightening the conflict especially with the bombing of Guernica, Basque Country on April 26, 1937 by German and Italian troops. Guernica is said to be a marketplace, thus many people were hurt during the bombing, especially since that day was a market day.

Pharmaceutical Business in Puerto Rico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pharmaceutical Business in Puerto Rico - Essay Example Currently, Puerto Rico is experiencing some serious problems in power supply and taxation and hence some experts predict that the region could be on its path to loosing its position as one of the leaders in pharmaceutical manufacturing unless more incentives are initiated and a shift from basic manufacturing to research based production since sophisticated production means are better for the market. The marketing objective of any business firm in to increase sales hence maximizing the profits. This cannot be achieved just like that hence a marketing plan should be put in place to be implemented systematically so that better results are achieved. Since there is a lot of competition of Puerto Rico from existing companies, the entry of a new one would necessitate a thorough and an all inclusive plan or strategy to help achieve the company objectives (Blaisdell 2000). There are three marketing approaches that will be employed and they include; company oriented, product oriented, and disease oriented strategies. The major objectives will include the following; strategic objective which aims to expand the market share and consequently enhance profitability of the firm; the company will entrench a strategic focus in the marketing strategy to help penetrate and expand the markets and to increase its productivity; the company will identify target customers to establish segmentation and product position; the marketing strategy will be implemented to assess competition and establish competitive strategy and positioning and finally the company will establish a unique marketing mix that will address the elements products, promotions, place and prices (Pathak & Escovitz 1996).. Resources The major resources that a business investor should assess before establishing a company are the availability of manpower both skilled and non skilled. Cheaper manpower enhances cost effectiveness. The infrastructure is another basic resource since distribution and transportation of raw materials will greatly rely on the infrastructure (Pathak & Escovitz 1996). For a machine to be operated, there need to be power (i.e. electricity or any other appropriate means) Puerto Rico has established a history of well coordinated distribution lines since the pharmaceutical industry in the region has now been in operation for a while. Infrastructure requirement for new drug dealers in the region will encompass factors such as building, road access, power supply, water availability and better supply and distribution channels (Blaisdell 2000). Puerto Rico is renowned for its highly educated labor force that has also proved to be innovative and very skilled. The country also enjoys extensive regulatory experience fro products and also a well organized delivery system (Pathak & Escovitz 1996). According to market research for marketers in the United States of America, Puerto Rico is has grown rapidly to become one of the largest manufacturers of high technology products in the region. The future of the Island remains bright as there are even more companies involved in research and development of pharmaceutical products, biotechnology hence the region is leading in this drug and device industry (Blaisdell 2000). For a start up business in pharmaceutical pr